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寫一份有影響力的審計報告:讓報告更具說服力的6個技巧

如果問及內部審計人員寫審計報告的理由,有些人可能會說,這是為了溝通審計業務的目標、範圍和結果;也有人可能會說,這是為了描述審計發現並提出改進建議。我認為,寫內部審計報告的最終目標,不是描述我們的發現或提出改進建議,而是為了說服讀者採取行動。

影響讀者採取行動是必要的。然而,並不是所有的內部審計人員都能意識到,不同寫作風格對實施乃至及時實施糾正措施有關鍵影響。報告的內容讀者很輕易可以獲知,但激勵讀者採取行動的因素是寫作風格。例如,當年美國陸軍作過一個測試,使用兩個不同版本的業務郵件要求收件人執行相同的任務,結果顯示,那些收到認真撰寫並極具感染力郵件的收件人,在收到郵件當天就完成任務的機率是對照組的兩倍。

在我作為內部審計人員的職業生涯中,我編寫或編輯了數百份內部審計報告,其中一些是好的,另一些則可能需要進行新一輪的編輯,還有一些是受到挫折推到重來的。下面這些建議,可以幫助大家有效提升審計報告的影響力——它們不僅會改變報告閱讀者的觀念,而且會發出行動的號召,從而達到目的。

一、讓報告變得更為簡短

如果你看過司法部檢察長(IG)關於聯邦官員如何處理希拉里·克林頓(Hillary Clinton)在擔任國務卿期間使用私人電子郵件伺服器的調查報告,你就會發現它與一般的內部審計報告截然不同。它超過25萬字的內容,而建議部分直到500頁左右才開始。

我既不評論這份報告的調查發現,也不討論與這一事件相關的政治。作為一名前檢查官,我能體會到司法調查對細節的需要。審查的範圍令人生畏,問題很複雜,業務的每個領域都充滿了爭議。但是,一定要尊重讀者的需求,對於一個大型的IG調查適用的風格,可能並不適合於內部審計部門。花了整整一個晚上嘗試閱讀(也失敗了)IG報告,讓我想起了偉大的溫斯頓·丘吉爾(Winston Churchill)的名言:“這份報告篇幅很長,可以使自己遠離被閱讀的風險。”

內部審計人員可以吸取的教訓:(1)內部審計報告僅僅在滿足利益相關者需求時才最有說服力;(2)如果我們用太多的資訊漫灌讀者,那報告的影響力就會變小。報告中的每個單詞、每個觀點甚至整個句子,如果不能直接說明問題,就應當考慮刪掉它。

二、讓報告變得更加平實

最好的內部審計報告是用更平實的詞語來表達更繁雜的觀點,而不是用更繁雜的詞語表達更平實的觀點。當我們使用清晰、直接和熟悉的語言時,我們的文章最有說服力。這並不意味著讓我們的報告變得“膚淺”;平實的語言意味著清晰有效的溝通——與法律術語相反。正如我在之前的一篇博文《內部審計報告中不該說的十件事》中提到的。如果這十件事聽起來讓你印象深刻,意味著你的報告可能需要重寫。

令人信服的證據表明,通俗易懂的語言更容易在更短的時間內被人閱讀、理解和關注。1989年,美國海軍對軍官進行了一項調查,他們閱讀的商務備忘錄要麼是簡明平實,要麼是官僚作風。結果顯示,看到這份平實易懂備忘錄的官員們:

明顯有更高的理解力。

閱讀時間減少了17%到23%。

覺得沒必要再讀一遍備忘錄。

許多內部審計師使用Flesch-Reading Ease或Flesch-Kincaid等級測試等工具來確定他們的報告是否可讀。這些測試可以在網上免費獲得。如果你使用Microsoft Word準備報告,你也可以選擇在檢查完拼寫和語法後顯示有關閱讀水平的資訊。

內部審計人員可以吸取的教訓:在營銷材料中,很少看到官僚主義語言或法律術語,這是有原因的:平實的語言能更好地推銷觀點。即使你所有的利益相關者都有能力閱讀和理解博士論文,這並不意味著他們想去讀這類文章。如果你的文章既不浮誇,又沒有不必要的繁複,更非充滿了技術詞彙,那麼你的文章更有可能具有說服力。

三、讓報告的重點更加突出

我們需要讓忙碌的高管們更容易閱讀、吸收並根據我們的工作成果採取行動。讓報告變得更為簡短是有幫助的,但我們還必須組織我們的報告,讓最重要的觀點脫穎而出。

訊息樣式的標題、副標題和標註框可以吸引他人注意到報告中最重要的資訊。不要猶豫使用例子、表格、顏色、圖表或圖片來修飾和強調重要的問題。還可以考慮使用內容摘要、目錄和/或索引來幫助讀者輕鬆地在報告中找到資訊。對於較長的報告,內容摘要是必不可少的。

內部審計人員可以吸取的教訓:不同的利益相關者有不同的需求,我們需要幫助每個讀者快速訪問到他們需要的特定資訊。如果關鍵資訊被細節所淹沒,我們的文章就不會有說服力。

四、不要忽視細節

曾經收到過包含拼寫或語法錯誤的簡歷或商業計劃書嗎?對於傳送這類郵件的個人或公司,你可能會三思而行。審計報告也是如此。如果文章中出現拼寫錯誤、語法或標點符號錯誤,讀者可能會覺得你不注重細節,更糟糕的是,他們會認為你對工作不夠認真。哪怕只是一個小小的錯誤,都會對你的可信度造成負面影響。這可能不公平,但如果你的報告中有錯誤(粗心或其他),你理性的論點可能會遭到質疑。

內部審計人員可以吸取的教訓:注重細節。如果你因為忽略了最基本的東西而失去了信譽,你就很難有說服力。

五、語言更加客觀公正

我們都試圖不帶偏見,但有時我們忽略了我們的話的含意。如果我們想讓讀者接受我們的想法,我們的語氣需要客觀——即使我們傳達的是負面資訊。

在《清晰、影響、速度:提交重要的審計報告》(Clarity, Impact, Speed: deliver Audit Reports That Matter)一書中,我的好朋友薩莉卡特勒(Sally Cutler) 提供的以下幾個例子,從管理層的角度來看,可能會顯得不必要的偏見或負面影響:

偏見和更負面的表達:

審計客戶未能編制檔案以證明符合政策。

接受詢問時,經理們對供應商核查過程給出了相互矛盾的解釋。

無偏見和更積極的表達:

未能提供證明檔案以證明該政策的符合性。

管理人員對供應商驗證過程有不同的解釋。

內部審計人員可以吸取的教訓:我們無法透過讓別人感到敵意或防禦來說服別人。如果我們的報告看起來有偏見或不公平,客戶很可能會忽視我們的存在。

六、記住5C法則

IIA的專題研究《編寫審計報告》針對意見和建議描述了5C法則:

標準(Criteria應該是什麼)。

條件(Condition當前實際狀態如何)。

原因(Cause兩者存在區別的原因)。

後果(Consequence當前條件的影響後果)。

糾正行動計劃/建議(Corrective action plans/recommendations)。

即使你使用了5C法則,你的報告也可能沒有說服力。但是如果沒有這五個C,你成功的機率就會直線下降。你對潛在後果的描述尤其重要:一句表達嚴謹的“這將導致……後果”,表明誰將受益,他們將如何受益,以及為什麼受益。通常,如果用面向業務的術語描述結果,使用可度量的元素和特定的時間框架,說服力就會增強。例如,當貨幣資金、安全或程式完整性受到威脅的時候,就應該按上面那種方式來說。

附贈品:《在你的報告中避免出現以下這五個單詞》

失敗的——例如,“管理層在充分評估和減輕風險方面是失敗的。”簡單地陳述情況而不明確責任。

不恰當的——例如,“管理部門設計和實施了不恰當的內部控制。”“不恰當”是一個會引起強烈分歧的形容詞。我更喜歡描述現狀,並將觀察結果與適當的標準進行對比,而不是簡單地把形容詞強加到個人身上。

無效的——例如,“管理層的行動是無效的。”“無效”是另一個應該謹慎使用的形容詞。這類措詞將導致對報告最終文字的長期談判,而不是鼓勵迅速同意審計報告並執行糾正行動。

發現——例如,“我們發現……”這有些譁眾取寵。我們能發現某事情,因為它本來就在那裡。如果說我們發現了什麼,那麼重點就轉移到了我們身上。它還帶有一種高階的“嘲笑(gotcha)”的語氣,並將別人的注意力吸引到審計人員身上,而不是當前的問題或所需採取的糾正措施。

似乎——例如,“It seems that…”在內部審計中,事情要麼是,要麼不是。含糊其辭的建議聽起來像是直覺。迴避具體情形可能會讓你感覺更安全,但太多的限定詞表明你無法自圓其說。

一如既往地期待著您的評論。

作者:理查德·錢伯斯

翻譯:陳國華

源自2019年6月17日IIA官網

附英文原文:

Writing an Impactful Audit Report:6 Tips for Being More Persuasive

Richard Chambers June 17, 2019

As part of unofficial “Internal Audit Self-awareness Month,” I am featuring blog posts from the past that focus on looking inward。 This theme is just as vital as any effort to build awareness about our profession。 We must take a realistic and hard look at what we do, how we do it, and how we are viewed by those outside of the internal audit function。 This week, I‘m featuring a previous post on the art of persuasion。

If you ask internal auditors why they write internal audit reports, some might answer that it’s to communicate an engagement‘s objectives, scope, and results。 Others might offer that it’s to describe what the auditors found and to make recommendations for improvement。 But the ultimate objective of internal audit reporting is not to describe what we found or to make recommendations for improvement。 It should be to persuade readers to take action。

Impact is imperative, but not all internal auditors realize the difference that writing style can make to ensure corrective action is complete and timely。 The content of a report informs readers, but I would argue that writing style is what motivates。 For example, when the U。S。 Army tested two versions of a business message asking readers to perform a specific task, those who received a well-written, “high impact” letter were twice as likely to comply with the memo on the day they received it。

During my career as an internal auditor, I wrote or edited hundreds of internal audit reports — some that were good, some that needed another round of edits, and some where I wanted to throw up my hands in frustration。 Following are some recommendations that can help ensure your audit reports are effective — that they will not only change minds but will create a call to action that gets results。

1。 Keep It Short

If you‘ve taken a look at the U。S。 Justice Department inspector general’s (IG‘s) report on how federal officials handled the investigation of Hillary Clinton’s use of a private email server while secretary of state, you‘ll see it is strikingly different from the average internal audit report。 It contains more than a quarter-million words, and the recommendations don’t start until about page 500。

I am not opining on the report‘s findings or the politics still swirling around it。 As a former IG, I can appreciate the need for detail。 The scope of the review was daunting, the issues were complex, and every aspect of the engagement was surrounded by controversy。 But it’s always important to keep the readers in mind, and the style that works for a major IG investigation probably would be inappropriate for your internal audit department。 Trying (and failing) to read the IG report in a single evening reminded me of the words of the great Winston Churchill, who said, “This report by its very length, defends itself against the risk of being read。”

The lessons for internal auditors: (1) Internal audit reports are most persuasive when they are tailored to our stakeholders‘ needs; and (2) if we overwhelm our readers with too much information, our reports will have less impact。 If a word, idea, or sentence does not contribute directly to the point, consider eliminating it。

2。 Keep It Simple

The best internal audit reports express big ideas in small words, never small ideas in big words。 Our writing is most persuasive when we use clear, direct, and familiar language。 This does not mean “dumbing down” our reports; it does mean clear and effective communication — the opposite of legalese。 As I stated in a previous blog post, Ten Things Not to Say in an Internal Audit Report, if it sounds impressive, you probably need a rewrite。

There is compelling evidence that plain language is more likely to be read, understood, and heeded in much less time。 In 1989, the U。S。 Navy conducted a study of officers who read business memos written either in plain English or in a bureaucratic style。 Officers who read the plain memo:

Had significantly higher comprehension。

Took 17% to 23% less time to read the memo。

Felt less need to reread the memo。

Many internal auditors use tools such as the Flesch Reading Ease or Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level tests to determine whether their reports are readable。 Those tests are available online at no cost, or if you prepare your reports using Microsoft Word, you can choose to display information about reading level when you finish checking the spelling and grammar。

The lesson for internal auditors: There’s a reason you rarely see bureaucratic language or legalese in marketing materials: Plain language sells ideas better。 Even if all of your stakeholders are capable of reading and understanding a doctoral dissertation, that doesn‘t mean they will want to。 Your writing is more likely to be persuasive if it is not pompous, unnecessarily complicated, or loaded with technical jargon。

3。 Make Your Best Ideas Stand Out

We need to make it easy for busy executives to read, absorb, and act on the results of our work。 Keeping things short and simple can help, but we also must organize our reports to make the most important ideas stand out。

Message-style headings, subheadings, and call-out boxes can bring attention to the most important information in your report。 Don’t hesitate to use examples, tables, color, charts, or pictures to clarify and add emphasis to important issues。 Also consider using an executive summary, table of contents, and/or index to help the reader easily find information in your report。 For longer reports, an executive summary is essential。

The lesson for internal auditors: Different stakeholders have different needs, so we need to help individual readers access the specific information they need。 Our writing won‘t be persuasive if key messages are lost in the details。

4。 Don’t Neglect the Basics

Ever receive a resume or business proposal that contained spelling or grammatical errors? You probably thought twice about seriously considering the individual or company that sent it。 The same goes for your audit report。 If it contains misspellings or incorrect grammar or punctuation, readers may get the impression that you are not detail-oriented or, worse, careful about your work。 Even a single error can adversely impact your credibility。 It may not be fair, but if your report contains errors (careless or otherwise), your well-reasoned arguments may fall flat。

The lesson for internal auditors: Pay attention to details。 It‘s difficult to be persuasive if you lose your credibility because you ignored the basics。

5。 Consider the Implications

We all try to be unbiased, but sometimes we overlook the implication of our words。 If we want readers to buy into our ideas, our tone needs to be objective — even when we deliver a negative message。

In Clarity, Impact, Speed: Delivering Audit Reports That Matter, my good friend Sally Cutler offers the following examples of writing that, from management’s perspective, might seem unnecessarily biased or negative:

Biased and More Negative:

The unit was unable to produce documentation to demonstrate compliance with the policy。

When questioned, managers gave conflicting explanations of the vendor-verification process。

Unbiased and More Positive:

Documentation was not available to demonstrate compliance with the policy。

The managers had differing interpretations of the vendor-verification process。

The lesson for internal auditors: We rarely persuade by making someone feel hostile or defensive。 If our report seems biased or unfair, the client is likely to tune us out。

6。 Remember the Five C‘s

An IIA seminar, Audit Report Writing, describes five important components of observations and recommendations:

Criteria (what should be)。

Condition (the current state)。

Cause (the reason for the difference)。

Consequence (effect)。

Corrective action plans/recommendations。

Even if you use the five C’s, your report might not be persuasive。 Bu t without the five C‘s, your odds of success will plummet。 Your description of potential consequences is particularly important: One written well is the “so what?” that nudges management toward action。 It indicates who will benefit, how they will benefit, and why。 Often, persuasiveness is enhanced if consequences are described in business-oriented terms, with measurable elements and specific time frames。 If money, safety, or program integrity are at stake, for example, you should say so。

BONUS。 Eliminate These Five Words From Your Reports

Failed — as in, “Management failed to adequately assess and mitigate risks。” Simply state the condition without assigning blame。

Inadequate — as in, “Management designed and implemented inadequate internal controls。” Inadequate is an adjectives that can elicit strong disagreement。 I prefer to describe the condition and contrast the observation with appropriate criteria without attaching the adjective to individuals。

Ineffective – as in, “Management actions were ineffective。” Ineffective is another adjective that should be used sparingly。 Rather than encourage swift concurrence with the audit report and implementation of corrective actions, words such as ineffective will result in prolonged negotiations over the final wording of the report。

Found – as in, “We found … 。” This is grandstanding。 We find things because they are there。 To say that we found something shifts the emphasis to us。 It also carries a superior “gotcha” tone that draws attention to the auditor and not the problem at hand or the corrective action required。

Appears – as in, “It appears that … 。” In internal audit, things are or they aren’t。 Weasel words can make solid recommendations sound like hunches。 It may feel safer to avoid specifics, but too many qualifiers suggest you can‘t back up your facts。

As always, I look forward to your comments。

原標題:《寫一份有影響力的審計報告:讓報告更具說服力的6個技巧》

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