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研究稱生雙胞胎只是幸運 不是因生育能力更強

近日,一項發表於《自然·通訊》(Nature Communications)

雜誌上的研究結果推翻了此前研究所認為的“雙胞胎母親有更強的生育能力”。

Mothers of twins are not more

fertile

, just lucky

Science Daily

Are women who have twins morefertile

? While previous studies concluded they are, a detailed analysis of more than 100,000 births from pre-industrial Europe by an international team of scientists shows they are not。 The results of the study are now published in the scientific journal

Nature Communications

擁有雙胞胎的女性是否更有生育能力?雖然以前的研究認為她們會,但一個國際科研團隊對工業化前歐洲的10萬多個新生兒的詳細分析表明並非如此。這項研究的結果現在發表在科學雜誌《自然·通訊》(Nature Communications)上。

fertile

fertile /ˈfɜː。taɪl/ 1)表示“肥沃的;富饒的”,英文解釋為“Fertile land can produce a large number of good quality crops。”

2)表示“(動物或植物)可繁殖的,能生育的,能結果的”,英文解釋為“Fertile animals or plants are able to produce (a lot of) young or fruit。”舉個:People get less fertile as they get older。 隨著年齡增長,人的生育能力逐漸下降。

In humans, twinning usually occurs in about 1-3% of all births。 Twinning is found in all populations despite being associated with a much higher risk ofnatalandpostnatalhealth issues for both the mother and her children than single pregnancies。 Given these risks, it seems thatnatural selectionhas preventedtwinningfrom becoming more common during evolution。 But why then has evolution by natural selection not prevented twinning altogether?

在人類中,雙胞胎通常發生在大約1-3%的所有新生兒中。儘管與單胎妊娠相比,雙胞胎對母親及其孩子的出生和產後健康問題的風險要高得多,但在各種人群中都有雙胞胎。鑑於這些風險,自然選擇似乎阻止了讓雙胞胎在進化過程中變得更加普遍。但是,為什麼自然選擇的進化沒有完全阻止雙胞胎的出現呢?

natal

natal /ˈneɪ。təl/ 表示“(人或動物)出生的”,英文解釋為“relating to where a person or animal was born”如:her natal village/city/home 她的出生地/城市/家鄉。

postnatal

表示“分娩後的,產後的”,英文解釋為“relating to the period of time immediately after a baby has been born”如:postnatal care 產後護理。

補充:

pre-natal,prenatal表示“產前的”(Prenatal is used to describe things relating to the medical care of women during pregnancy。)

One common explanation has been that survival risks brought by twinning are partly hidden from natural selection becausetwinning comes with higher fertility。 The idea is that women who are more fertile than average are also more likely to release more than one egg when theyovulate—— making twinning a marker of high fertility。 Many studies analyseddemographicdata and obtained resultsconsistent withthis view。

一種常見的解釋是,雙胞胎帶來的生存風險部分地被自然選擇所掩蓋,因為雙胞胎伴隨著更高的生育率。這種觀點認為,比一般人更有生育能力的女性在排卵時也更有可能排出一個以上的卵子——使雙胞胎成為高生育率的標誌。許多研究分析了人口統計學資料,並獲得了與這種觀點一致的結果。

ovulate

ovulate /ˈɒv。jə。leɪt/ 表示“(女性或雌性動物)排卵,產卵”,英文解釋為“(of a woman or female animal) to produce an egg from which a baby can be formed”舉個:

Some women take drugs to help them ovulate。

有些婦女服藥來幫助排卵。

demographic

1)作形容詞,表示“人口的;人口統計的;人口學的”,英文解釋為“relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)”舉個:

There have been monumental social anddemographic changesin the country。

該國的社會和人口狀況已經發生了巨大的變化。

2)作名詞,表示“(顧客)族群

”,英文解釋為“a group of people, for example customers, who are similar in age, social class, etc。”舉個:

Thisdemographic(young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site。

該族群(十幾歲的年輕人)是使用這個網站人數增長最快的年齡群體。

However, this new study shows that the former analyses have been flawed。 “Previous studies are problematic because they cannot tell us whether mothers with twins give birth more often because they are especially fertile, or because giving birth more often increases the chance that one of these births is to twins,” explains principal investigator

Alexandre Courtiol

from

the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research

in Germany。

然而,這項新的研究表明,以前的分析是有缺陷的。來自德國萊布尼茨動物園和野生動物研究所的首席研究人員亞歷山大·庫蒂奧爾(Alexandre Courtiol)解釋說:“以前的研究是有問題的,因為它們不能告訴我們有雙胞胎的母親更頻繁地生育是因為她們特別能生,還是因為更頻繁地生育增加了這些生育中是雙胞胎的可能性。”

The new results show thattwinners are not unusually fertile。 Previous science had mixed upcause and effect

。 “If a mother gives birth more often, it is more likely that one of these births is to twins —— just like you are more likely to win if you buy more lottery tickets, or to be in a car accident if you drive a lot,” adds first author

Ian Rickard

from

Durham University

, UK。 When the “lottery ticket effect” is taken into account, the authors found that mothers more likely to have twins actually gave birth less often —— a result that

contradictsprevious findings。

新的結果顯示,生雙胞胎的人生育能力並非特別強。以前的科學將因果關係(cause and effect)混為一談。第一作者英國杜倫大學(Durham University)的伊恩·裡卡德(Ian Rickard)補充說:“如果一個母親更頻繁地生育,那麼這些生育中的一個更有可能是雙胞胎——就像你買更多的彩票就更有可能中獎,或者如果經常開車就更有可能發生車禍。”當考慮到“彩票效應”時,作者發現,更有可能生雙胞胎的母親實際上更少生育——這一結果與以前的研究結果相矛盾。

contradict

1)表示“相牴觸;相矛盾;相反”,英文解釋為“to be so different from each other that one of them must be wrong”舉個:

The two storiescontradicteach other。

這兩種說法相互牴觸。

2)表示“反駁;駁斥;批駁

”,英文解釋為“to say that sth that sb else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true”

舉個:

All evening her husband contradicted everything she said。

整個晚上她說什麼丈夫都反駁。

To re-examine the relationship between twinning and fertility, the international team of 14 scientists combined large datasets of birth outcomes from several parts of pre-industrial Europe (today‘s Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany and Switzerland)。 “All these dataoriginatefrom oldparishrecords that have beenmeticulouslydigitised andtranscribed

,” explains co-author

Virpi Lummaa

from

University of Turku

, Finland。 “To avoid the statistical trap that

plaguedformer studies, we also had todeployefficient and carefullycalibrated

statistical procedures,” adds co-author

François Rousset

from

the Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution

in Montpellier, France。

為了重新審視雙胞胎和生育率之間的關係,這個由14名科學家組成的國際團隊結合了來自工業化前歐洲幾個地區(如今的芬蘭、瑞典、挪威、德國和瑞士)的大規模出生結果資料集。“所有這些資料都來自於古老的教區記錄,這些記錄已被精心數字化和轉錄,”共同作者芬蘭圖爾庫大學(University of Turku)的維爾皮·盧馬(Virpi Lummaa)解釋說。“為了避免困擾以前研究的統計陷阱,我們還必須利用高效和仔細校準的統計程式,”來自法國蒙彼利埃(Montpellier)進化科學研究所(the Institut des Sciences de l‘Evolution)的共同作者弗朗索瓦·魯塞(François Rousset)補充說。

originate

表示“起源,發源,發端;產生”,英文解釋為“to come from a particular place, time, situation, etc。”舉個:

Although the technologyoriginatedin the UK, it has been developed in the US。

儘管這項技術起源於英國,但它在美國得到了發展。

parish

parish /ˈpær。ɪʃ/ 表示“(某些基督教會中主教管區下有自己教堂的)堂區,教區;行政堂區(英格蘭的基層行政單位)”,英文解釋為“in some Christian denominations, an area cared for by one priest with its own church, or (in England) the smallest unit of local government”如:the parish church/magazine/priest/register 堂區教堂/雜誌/神父/登記簿。

meticulously

meticulously /məˈtɪk。jə。ləs。li/  表示“細緻地;一絲不苟地;拘泥地”,英文解釋為“in a way that shows great care and attention to detail”。

transcribe

表示“轉錄(為另一種書寫形式)”,英文解釋為“to change a piece of writing or music into another form, for example into a different writing system or into music for different instruments”。

plague

1)作名詞可表示“瘟疫,疫病”,如:a fresh outbreak of plague 瘟疫的新一輪爆發;

2)作動詞表示“不斷困擾,折磨,使苦惱”,英文解釋為“to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to someone, especially for a long period of time”,舉個 :

She wasplaguedby weakness, fatigue, and dizziness。

她受虛弱、疲勞和眩暈所折磨。

電影《白宮管家》(The Butler)中的臺詞提到:It’s time we take a stand against these injustices that have plagued our community。現在是時候該表明立場和採取行動來對抗這些已困擾我們很久了的不公。

研究稱生雙胞胎只是幸運 不是因生育能力更強

deploy

1) 表示“利用,調動(尤指想法、論據等);有效運用;發揮…的作用”,英文解釋為“to use something for a particular purpose, especially ideas, arguments etc”,如:a job in which a variety of professional skills will be deployed 要用到多項專業技術的工作。

2) 表示“部署,排程(士兵、軍事裝備等)”,英文解釋為“to organize or move soldiers, military equipment etc so that they are in the right place and ready to be used”,如:deploy forces/troops/weapons etc,NATO‘s decision to deploy cruise missiles 北約要部署巡航導彈的決定。

calibrate

表示“標定,校準(刻度,以使測量準確)”,英文解釋為“to mark units of measurement on an instrument such as a thermometer so that it can be used for measuring sth accurately”。

Figuring out what shapes the relationship between twinning and fertility is not only a question of academic interest but also a matter of public health。 Indeed, biomedical studies looking for ways to improve female fertility have compared motherswith and without twins

。 However, co-author

Erik Postma

from

the University of Exeter

in the UK points out that, “such study designs ignore

themultitudeof

factors influencing how often a woman gives birth, which will mask any genuine differences in physiology between mothers with and without twins。” In short, comparinggroups of mothers with twinsto groups of mothers withoutmay hide the effects of twinning andfertility geneswhere they exist, or create theillusionof these if they do not exist。

弄清楚是什麼形成了雙胞胎和生育率之間的關係,不僅是一個學術興趣問題,也是一個公共衛生問題。事實上,尋求改善女性生育能力的生物醫學研究已對有雙胞胎和無雙胞胎的母親進行了比較。然而,來自英國埃克塞特大學(the University of Exeter)的共同作者埃裡克·波斯特馬(Erik Postma)指出,“這種研究設計忽略了影響女性生育頻率的眾多因素,掩蓋了有雙胞胎和無雙胞胎母親之間任何真正的生理差異。”簡而言之,將有雙胞胎的母親群體與沒有雙胞胎的母親群體進行比較,可能會掩蓋存在雙胞胎和生育基因的影響,或者在不存在這些影響的情況下造成假象。

multitude

表示“大量,許多,中多”,英文解釋為“A multitude of things or people is a very large number of them。”舉個:

There area multitude of small, quiet roadsto cycle along。

有多條可以騎腳踏車的僻靜小路。

illusion

表示“錯誤的觀念;幻想;假象,錯覺”,英文解釋為“a false idea or belief, especially about sb or about a situation”舉個:

I have noillusionsabout her feelings for me。

我對她跟我的感情不抱什麼幻想。

“There is still much we do not understand about twinning, but our study suggests that twinning has not beeneliminated

by natural selection for two reasons。

First

, twinning is a consequence of

double ovulation, whichcompensatesforreproductive

ageing and benefits all but the youngest of mothers。

Second

, when the risk of early

mortalityof twins is not too high, twinning is associated with larger family sizes although women with twins give birth less often。 This is because twin births bring twooffspring

rather than one,” concludes

Courtiol

“我們對雙胞胎還有很多不瞭解,但我們的研究表明,雙胞胎並沒有被自然選擇所淘汰,原因有二:首先,雙胞胎是雙排卵的結果,彌補了生育年齡老化的缺陷,除了最年輕的母親外,所有母親都能從中受益。第二,當雙胞胎的早期死亡風險不是太高時,雙胞胎與較大的家庭規模有關——儘管有雙胞胎的女性生育的頻率較低。這是因為雙胞胎的出生帶來了兩個而不是一個後代,”庫蒂奧爾總結道。

eliminate

表示“排除;消除;清除”,英文解釋為“to remove or take away someone or something”舉個:

A move towards healthy eating could helpeliminateheart disease。

養成健康的飲食習慣有助於消除心臟病誘因。

compensate

表示“彌補,補償”,英文解釋為“to provide something good or useful in place of something or to make someone feel better about something that has failed or been lost or missed”舉個:

Nothing will evercompensatefor his lost childhood。

什麼也不能彌補他失去的童年。

reproductive

表示“生殖;生育;繁殖”,英文解釋為“relating to the process of reproduction”。

mortality

m

ortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡數量;死亡率

”,英文解釋為“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”。

區分:

morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“

發病(率)”,英文解釋為“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”。

offspring

表示“(人的)後代,子女,子嗣”,英文解釋為“a person’s children”舉個:

His sister came over on Saturday with all heroffspring。

他的姐姐星期六帶著她的一大群子女過來串門。

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