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無糖飲料裡的甜味劑,與癌症風險增加有關|PLOS Medicine

阿斯巴甜、安賽蜜等人造甜味劑常被新增進無糖碳酸飲料和其他“控糖”食品中,但一項新研究表明,食用人造甜味劑和癌症風險增加相關。

翻譯 阿金

編輯 魏瀟

人造甜味劑可減少新增的糖含量以及相應的卡路里,同時保留甜味。3 月 24 日,一篇發表在《公共科學圖書館:醫學》(PLOS Medicine)期刊上的研究表明,一些人造甜味劑與癌症風險的增加相關。領導該研究團隊的是法國國家健康與醫學研究所(Inserm)和巴黎北索邦大學(Sorbonne Paris Nord University)的夏洛特·黛布拉斯(Charlotte Debras)與馬蒂爾德·圖維爾(Mathilde Touvier)。

無糖飲料裡的甜味劑,與癌症風險增加有關|PLOS Medicine

每天都有數百萬人食用包含人造甜味劑的食品和飲料。然而,這些新增劑的安全性一直存在爭議。為了評估人造甜味劑的潛在致癌性,研究人員分析了來自法國營養網路-健康研究(NutriNet-Santé study)102 865 名法國成年人的資料。營養網路-健康研究是一項基於網路的佇列調查,由來自法國巴黎大學(Université de Paris)營養流行病學研究團隊(EREN)在 2009 年啟動,並延續至今。受訪者自願參加,自主報告疾病史、社會人口狀況、飲食、生活方式和健康資料。研究人員收集的資料包括 24 小時飲食資料中人造甜味劑的攝入情況。在隨訪過程中,研究人員還收集了癌症診斷資訊,隨後展開統計學分析,調查人造甜味劑攝入和癌症風險之間的關係。此外,他們還調整了一系列變數,包括年齡、性別、教育、體育運動、吸菸、體重指數、身高、隨訪期間的體重變化、糖尿病、家族癌症史,以及能量、酒精、飽和脂肪酸、纖維、糖分、全麥食物以及乳製品攝入的基線。

結果發現,攝入更多人造甜味劑——尤其是阿斯巴甜(aspartame)和乙醯磺胺酸鉀(Acesulfame-K,又稱安賽蜜)——的受訪者與不攝入人造甜味劑的人相比,總體的癌症風險更高(風險比為 1。13,介於 1。03 到 1。25 的 95% 置信區間)。而且在乳腺癌和肥胖關聯癌症患者中觀察到更高的風險。

不過,研究有若干重要侷限。參與者的飲食攝入為自我報告。選擇偏差可能也是一個影響因子,因為受訪者中女性更多,受教育水平也更高,表現出有意識的保健行為。而且,該研究的觀察屬性也表明可能存在其他混雜因素,不能排除反向的因果關係。因此,需要進一步研究來確認發現結果,澄清其中的機制。

作者表示:“我們的發現不支援食用人造甜味劑作為代替食物和飲料中糖分的安全產品,並提供重要的新資訊解決其潛在健康危害爭議。儘管結果需要在其他更大規模的佇列研究中得到復現,也要透過實驗研究闡明其中的作用機制,但是,研究結果為歐洲食品安全域性(European Food Safety Authority)和全球其他衛生部門重新評估食品甜味新增劑提供重要的新思路。”

黛布拉斯還補充說:“營養網路-健康佇列研究的結果表明,與多項體內/體外研究結果一致,全球許多食品和飲料品牌中發現的人造甜味劑可能與癌症風險增加相關。這些發現為衛生部門重新評估這些食品新增劑提供新資訊。”

https://www。eurekalert。org/news-releases/946750

論文資訊

【標題】Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk: Results from the NutriNet-Santé population-based cohort study

【作者】Charlotte Debras , Eloi Chazelas,…, Mathilde Touvier

【期刊】PLOS Medicine

【日期】March 24, 2022

【DOI】https://doi。org/10。1371/journal。pmed。1003950

【摘要】

Background

The food industry uses artificial sweeteners in a wide range of foods and beverages as alternatives to added sugars, for which deleterious effects on several chronic diseases are now well established。 The safety of these food additives is debated, with conflicting findings regarding their role in the aetiology of various diseases。 In particular, their carcinogenicity has been suggested by several experimental studies, but robust epidemiological evidence is lacking。 Thus, our objective was to investigate the associations between artificial sweetener intakes (total from all dietary sources, and most frequently consumed ones: aspartame [E951], acesulfame-K [E950], and sucralose [E955]) and cancer risk (overall and by site)。

Methods and findings

Overall, 102,865 adults from the French population-based cohort NutriNet-Santé (2009–2021) were included (median follow-up time = 7。8 years)。 Dietary intakes and consumption of sweeteners were obtained by repeated 24-hour dietary records including brand names of industrial products。 Associations between sweeteners and cancer incidence were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, height, weight gain during follow-up, diabetes, family history of cancer, number of 24-hour dietary records, and baseline intakes of energy, alcohol, sodium, saturated fatty acids, fibre, sugar, fruit and vegetables, whole-grain foods, and dairy products。 Compared to non-consumers, higher consumers of total artificial sweeteners (i。e。, above the median exposure in consumers) had higher risk of overall cancer (n = 3,358 cases, hazard ratio [HR] = 1。13 [95% CI 1。03 to 1。25], P-trend = 0。002)。 In particular, aspartame (HR = 1。15 [95% CI 1。03 to 1。28], P = 0。002) and acesulfame-K (HR = 1。13 [95% CI 1。01 to 1。26], P = 0。007) were associated with increased cancer risk。 Higher risks were also observed for breast cancer (n = 979 cases, HR = 1。22 [95% CI 1。01 to 1。48], P = 0。036, for aspartame) and obesity-related cancers (n = 2,023 cases, HR = 1。13 [95% CI 1。00 to 1。28], P = 0。036, for total artificial sweeteners, and HR = 1。15 [95% CI 1。01 to 1。32], P = 0。026, for aspartame)。 Limitations of this study include potential selection bias, residual confounding, and reverse causality, though sensitivity analyses were performed to address these concerns。

Conclusions

In this large cohort study, artificial sweeteners (especially aspartame and acesulfame-K), which are used in many food and beverage brands worldwide, were associated with increased cancer risk。 These findings provide important and novel insights for the ongoing re-evaluation of food additive sweeteners by the European Food Safety Authority and other health agencies globally。

Trial registration

【連結】

http://journals。plos。org/plosmedicine/article?id=10。1371/journal。pmed。1003950

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